Chapter 5 Group 1

Group 1 : Akhmad Ivan Fathoni

                   Eni Hasnaul Faiq

                   Hasan Zainuddin

                   Suhirman 

A.      Communication strategies

Communication strategies pertain to employment of verbal or non verbal mechanism for the produced of information. Faerch and Kasper  (1983a) defined communication strategies as “potentially conscious plan for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal.”

B.      Avoidance strategies

Avoidance is a common communication strategy that can be broken down into several such categories. The most common type of avoidance strategies is:

1.       Message abandonment

2.       Topic avoidance

3.       Circumlocution

4.       Approximation

5.       Use of all purpose word

6.       Word coinage

7.       Prefabricated pattern

8.       Non linguistic signals

9.       Literal translation

10.   Foreignzing 

11.   Code-switching

12.   Appeal for help

13.   Stalling or time-gaining strategies

C.      Compensatory strategies

Another common set of communication devices involves compensation for missing knowledge. Memorized chunks of language, known prefabricated pattern are often found in pocket bilingual phrase books. Code-switching is the use of a first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language. Code-switching occurs between to advanced learners with the common first language, usually not as a compensatory strategy. Yet, another common compensatory strategy is a direct appeal for help, often termed appeal to authority. Oxford (1990a) provided a comprehensive taxonomy combining both communication and learning strategies.