chapter 5 seventh group

Atik Dzuriyatul Husniyah

Emilia Nur Febriantini

Nikita Nurul Milati

Robby Z Z Ni’am

Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their intended meaning. Strategies used may include paraphrase, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification. These strategies, with the exception of switching languages, are also used by native speakers. In addition, faerch and kasper defined communication strategies as potentially conscious plans for solving what to an individual presents itself as a problem in reaching a particular communicative goal.

Researchers have identified three components of communication strategies:

1.    Problematicity, meaning that the person recognizes a communication problem

2.    consciousness, meaning that the person is conscious of the problem and is consciously employing a strategy to resolve it

3.    Intentionality, which implies that the person is able to choose between options for overcoming a communication problem.

Avoidance strategies

Avoidance is a common communication strategy that can be broken down into several such categories. The most common type of avoidance strategies is:

1.    Message abandonment

2.    Topic avoidance

3.    Circumlocution

4.    Approximation

5.    Use of all purpose word

6.    Word coinage

7.    Prefabricated pattern

8.    Non linguistic signals

9.    Literal translation

10.  Foreign zing

11.  Code-switching

12.  Appeal for help

13.  Stalling or time-gaining strategies

Compensatory strategies

Another common set of communication devices involves compensation for missing knowledge. Memorized chunks of language, known prefabricated pattern are often found in pocket bilingual phrase books. Code-switching is the use of a first or third language within a stream of speech in the second language. Code-switching occurs between to advanced learners with the common first language, usually not as a compensatory strategy. Yet, another common compensatory strategy is a direct appeal for help, often termed appeal to authority. Oxford (1990a) provided a comprehensive taxonomy combining both communication and learning strategies.